TRADITIONAL MEDIA: THE HOPE OF FUTURE

‘VOICE OF Heart’ & ‘Of the People’ are the basic characteristic of traditional media create more impact on society and also have great perception or feedback after disseminating any message. Traditional media is more powerful in comparison to mainstream media to its origin from grass root level.
Traditional media are also being increasingly used in ass media formats for development communication: radio, TV and film have integrated traditional media to convey specific messages in their programmes with admirable effect.
A river which has been irrigating and keeping the fields green for centuries continues to do so along with its additional new role of assisting the production of hydro-electric power. Traditional media is like that river only. All these forms, while they communicate the new ideas and practices, continue to carry the old stories, imparting the values and norms through the legendary characters and cultural models.
The conventional fare of the traditional media which emphasizes the values of life and ideas of human behavior seems to be relevant and necessary today in the face of the tendencies prompted by the electronic media on the massive scales. Communication research has pointed to the process of dehumanization set off by TV & FM. These media have practically monopolized cultural participation and dominated the cultivation of the common consciousness of values, behavior and needs etc.
An analysis of the contents of the regular shows mentions unity of India, communal harmony, religious tolerance and value of freedom among the priority themselves along with the ideas and practices regarding hygiene, health, nutrition, agriculture, national savings, small family norms etc. All these contribute to the emergence of attitudes to the emergence of attitudes which nourish and strengthen the national culture.
In India such media have played a role in the communication and promotion of new ideas 7 the adjustment to a new or evolving social or political situation. We know that interpersonal exchanges cannot be dispensed within the effort to change attitudes & behaviors. The folk media allow for such interactions for they are essentially participatory, flexible & familiar. Since they are not usually pure art forms, developmental messages can be introduced through them. A note of caution is necessary here: only those folk forms that lend themselves easily (without shocking the audience) to the propagation of developmental messages must be employed. Care must needs be taken also to see that the forms are not vulgarized (as they after are in the mass media). It is evident that the local people identify most with their own folk forms & the characters in them (the performers, if they are well known are liked by the audience & respected for their talent & skills). What is more the forms –drama, song & dance, religious discourses- can be adapted to suit local condition, local dialects & local concerns & interests.

Traditional media is originated from grass root level it is more & more powerful as that of any other media bases. Since it is easily accepted by the common man as it touches the feeling of a common man therefore it plays a great role in the developmental process. It makes us step forward easily in a very broad sense to express our views with the help of puppet shows, nautanki, nukkad natak etc.
Traditional media in other sense is also very useful as it conserves our culture & tradition, ethnic, moral values, mythology. Due to this it provides the full details of our ancient culture with which we were not familiar earlier. It adds morality to our culture.

PLUG IN DRUG

THE MIND OF CHILDREN IS TOO SOFT SO THERE IS NEED OF SELF-REGULATION BY MEDIA INTITUTIONS BEFORE DISSEMINATING THE INFORMATION THAT WHAT ARE FORWARDING FOR AVOIDING NEGATIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETY MOSTKY ON CHILDREN WHO ARE THE FUTURE OF NATION.
The media affect human beings according to their backgrounds, perceptions, motivations and aspirations. Every person in this world is an era in himself. He or she gets the audio, visual and audio-visual stimuli through his senses (eyes and ears). He or she processes such stimuli according to the information stored in his sub-conscious brain. Later he or she develop certain specific responses o these stimuli. It is obvious that these responses would be different in each individual. Even within a specifically targeted group the responses to such stimuli could vary.
Little children or infants of the age group of one to three years are impressed by TV programmes mostly advertisements. As soon as an advertisement appears on the TV, they are glued to its screen. They enjoy the jingles of popular commercials and even repeat them when they come from the school or playground. TV jingles forces them to persuade their parents to by products and services advertised.
Children’s of five years of age have well defined tastes. They like special types of foods, milk in one much example. They do not bye books because these fall under the operational gamut of their parents. They buy only those bicycles that are advertised in newspapers, glossy magazines and on the idiot box. Girls try new creams, lotions, perfumes and fake jewels because they see ladies using them in TV commercial s. some children also surf through the Net, but their parents invariably give them support when they do so. At this tender age, they do not understand the contact of internet banners and other advertisements. Magazines especially the glossy ones, attract their attention, but they are not interested in their contact, rather they try to find those products in these magazines that they are badly need.
The needs and wants of a child of the age of five to seven years of age are guided by the commercials shown on TV as well as those broadcast by radio jingles. Books become their companions. Romantic books like those published by Mills and Boon have been found in the closets of girls of eight years of age. Love , sex and romance become the topic of their private discussions. However such topics are confined to their friends (inner circles). Popular soap operas are understood by them. Many children insist that they watch late night movies. Many serials become popular among them. Cartoons still fascinate them but they slowly grow out of the tendency to watch animations. Now they are keen to feel the real world.
The children of age of ten to eleven years of age take many clues from the media. Internet is not a ghost for them any longer. They also read magazines devoted to women magazines are forbidden for boys. Movies fascinate them. They watch movies whenever they find time to do so. The children of age group of eleven to thirteen years age the ‘adults among all the children’. They are able to use newspapers, magazines, the net, printed information, radio jingles and music to develop their mental facilitates. They read short stories, small novels, love stories and articles related to science, environment, sex, romance, movies and the country they live in. some of them also read pornographic novels or watch nude phonographs on the net. Their actual tryst with sex starts at the age of ten years by the age of twelve to thirteen years, they become mature enough to hide their sexual feeling from the members of the opposite sex in school. Therefore they use magazines and pornographic materials to learn more about sex and even satisfy their sexual urges through artificial means.
Overall the media mostly electronic media excite to children and that appears as early maturity.

Nonverbal communication

Act of imparting or interchanging thoughts, opinions, or information without the use of spoken words. Nonverbal communication is used in marketing research as a key variable to determine consumers' attitudes, values, and beliefs regarding a certain product or service. For example, an observer watching a focus group will pay special attention to the nonverbal cues of group interaction, such as body language, facial expressions, and eye contact, to identify group members' true feelings about an issue.
When Demosthenes was asked what was the first part of oratory he answered, "'action"; and which was the second, he replied, "action"; and which was third he still answered, "action." People tend to believe actions more than words!
Have you ever heard anyone say, "His actions spoke so loudly I couldn't hear what he said?" Have you ever wondered whether anyone has said this about you? What we do is a means of communication, subject to interpretation by others. Did you ever stop to think that even failure to act is a way of communicating?
Today, many researchers are concerned with the information sent by communication that is independent of and different from verbal information; namely, the non-verbal communication. Verbal communication is organized by language; non-verbal communication is not.
Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another. Most of us spend about 75 percent of our waking hours communicating our knowledge, thoughts, and ideas to others. However, most of us fail to realize that a great deal of our communication is of a non-verbal form as opposed to the oral and written forms. Non-verbal communication includes facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, body posture and motions, and positioning within groups. It may also include the way we wear our clothes or the silence we keep.
In person-to-person communications our messages are sent on two levels simultaneously. If the nonverbal cues and the spoken message are incongruous, the flow of communication is hindered. Right or wrong, the receiver of the communication tends to base the intentions of the sender on the non- verbal cues he receives.
Categories and Features
G. W. Porter divides non-verbal communication into four broad categories:
Physical. This is the personal type of communication. It includes facial expressions, tone of voice, sense of touch, sense of smell, and body motions.
Aesthetic. This is the type of communication that takes place through creative expressions: playing instrumental music, dancing, painting and sculpturing.
Signs. This is the mechanical type of communication, which includes the use of signal flags, the 21-gun salute, horns, and sirens.
Symbolic. This is the type of communication that makes use of religious, status, or ego-building symbols.
Our concern here will be with what Porter has called the physical method of non-verbal communication.
Knowledge of non-verbal communication is important managers who serve as leaders of organizational "teams," for at least two reasons:
To function effectively as a team leader the manager must interact with the other members successfully. Non-verbal cues, when interpreted correctly, provide him with one means to do so.
The team members project attitudes and feelings through non-verbal communication. Some personal needs such as approval, growth, achievement, and recognition may be met in effective teams. The extent to which these needs are met is closely related to how perceptive the team leader and team members are to non-verbal communication in themselves and in others on the team.
If the team members show a true awareness to non-verbal cues, the organization will have a better chance to succeed, for it will be an open, honest, and confronting unit. Argyle and his associates have been studying the features of nonverbal communication that provide information to managers and their team members. The following summarizes their findings:
Static Features
Distance.
Distance. The distance one stands from another frequently conveys a non-verbal message. In some cultures it is a sign of attraction, while in others it may reflect status or the intensity of the exchange.
Orientation. People may present themselves in various ways: face-to-face, side-to-side, or even back-to-back. For example, cooperating people are likely to sit side-by-side while competitors frequently face one another.
Posture. Obviously one can be lying down, seated, or standing. These are not the elements of posture that convey messages. Are we slouched or erect ? Are our legs crossed or our arms folded ? Such postures convey a degree of formality and the degree of relaxation in the communication exchange.
Physical Contact. Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or patting on the back all convey messages. They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of (or lack of) attraction.
Dynamic Features
Facial Expressions.
Facial Expressions. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer all convey information. Facial expressions continually change during interaction and are monitored constantly by the recipient. There is evidence that the meaning of these expressions may be similar across cultures.
Gestures. One of the most frequently observed, but least understood, cues is a hand movement. Most people use hand movements regularly when talking. While some gestures (e.g., a clenched fist) have universal meanings, most of the others are individually learned and idiosyncratic.
Looking. A major feature of social communication is eye contact. It can convey emotion, signal when to talk or finish, or aversion. The frequency of contact may suggest either interest or boredom.
The above list shows that both static features and dynamic features transmit important information from the sender to the receiver.
Tortoriello, Blott, and DeWine have defined non-verbal communication as:
". . . the exchange of messages primarily through non-linguistic means, including: kinesics (body language), facial expressions and eye contact, tactile communication, space and territory, environment, paralanguage (vocal but non-linguistic cues), and the use of silence and time."
Let's review these non-linguistic ways of exchanging messages in more detail.
Kinesics
Lamb believes the best way to access an executive's managerial potential is not to listen to what he has to say, but to observe what he does when he is saying it. He calls this new behavioral science "movement analysis." Some of the movements and gestures he has analyzed follow:
Forward and Backward Movements. If you extend a hand straight forward during an interview or tend to lean forward, Lamb considers you to be an "operator"- good for an organization requiring an infusion of energy or dramatic change of course.
Vertical Movements. If you tend to draw yourself up to your tallest during the handshake, Lamb considers you to be a "presenter." You are a master at selling yourself or the organization in which you are employed.
Side-to-Side Movements. If you take a lot of space while talking by moving your arms about, you are a good informer and good listener. You are best suited for an organization seeking a better sense of direction. Lamb believes there is a relationship between positioning of the body and movements of the limbs and facial expressions. He has observed harmony between the two. On the other hand, if certain gestures are rehearsed, such as those made to impress others, there is a tendency to separate the posture and the movements. The harmony disappears.
Studies by Lamb also indicate that communication comes about through our degree of body flexibility. If you begin a movement with considerable force and then decelerate, you are considered a "gentle-touch." By contrast, if you are a "pressurizer," you are firm from beginning to end. The accuracy of Lamb's analyses is not fully known. However, it is important that corporation executives are becoming so sensitive to the importance of non-verbal messages that they are hiring consultants, such as Lamb, to analyze non-verbal communications in their organizations.
Facial Expressions
Facial expressions usually communicate emotions. The expressions tell the attitudes of the communicator. Researchers have discovered that certain facial areas reveal our emotional state better than others. For example, the eyes tend to reveal happiness or sadness, and even surprise. The lower face also can reveal happiness or surprise; the smile, for example, can communicate friendliness and cooperation. The lower face, brows, and forehead can also reveal anger. Mehrabian believes verbal cues provide 7 percent of the meaning of the message; vocal cues, 38 percent; and facial expressions, 55 percent. This means that, as the receiver of a message, you can rely heavily on the facial expressions of the sender because his expressions are a better indicator of the meaning behind the message than his words.
Eye Contact
Eye contact is a direct and powerful form of non-verbal communication. The superior in the organization generally maintains eye contact longer than the subordinate. The direct stare of the sender of the message conveys candor and openness. It elicits a feeling of trust. Downward glances are generally associated with modesty. Eyes rolled upward are associated with fatigue.
Tactile Communication
Communication through touch is obviously non-verbal. Used properly it can create a more direct message than dozens of words; used improperly it can build barriers and cause mistrust. You can easily invade someone's space through this type of communication. If it is used reciprocally, it indicates solidarity; if not used reciprocally, it tends to indicate differences in status. Touch not only facilitates the sending of the message, but the emotional impact of the message as well.
Personal Space
Personal space is your "bubble" - the space you place between yourself and others. This invisible boundary becomes apparent only when someone bumps or tries to enter your bubble.
How you identify your personal space and use the environment in which you find yourself influences your ability to send or receive messages. How close do you stand to the one with whom you are communicating ? Where do you sit in the room ? How do you position yourself with respect to others at a meeting ? All of these things affect your level of comfort, and the level of comfort of those receiving your message.
Goldhaber says there are three basic principles that summarize the use of personal space in an organization: The higher your position (status) in the organization,
(a) the more and better space you will have,
(b) the better protected your territory will be, and
(c) the easier it will be to invade the territory of lower-status personnel.
The impact of use of space on the communication process is related directly to the environment in which the space is maintained.
Environment
How do you arrange the objects in your environment - the desks, chairs, tables, and bookcases? The design of your office, according to researchers, can greatly affect the communications within it. Some managers divide their offices into personal and impersonal areas. This can improve the communication process if the areas are used for the purposes intended.
Your pecking-order in the organization is frequently determined by such things as the size of your desk, square feet in your office, number of windows in the office, quality of the carpet, and type of paintings (originals or copies) on the wall.
It is obvious that your personal space and environment affect the level of your comfort and your status and facilitate or hinder the communication process.
Paralanguage
Is the content of your message contradicted by the attitude with which you are communicating it? Researchers have found that the tone, pitch, quality of voice, and rate of speaking convey emotions that can be accurately judged regardless of the content of the message. The important thing to gain from this is that the voice is important, not just as the conveyor of the message, but as a complement to the message. As a communicator you should be sensitive to the influence of tone, pitch, and quality of your voice on the interpretation of your message by the receiver.
Silence and Time
Silence can be a positive or negative influence in the communications process. It can provide a link between messages or sever relationships. It can create tension and uneasiness or create a peaceful situation. Silence can also be judgmental by indicating favor or disfavor - agreement or disagreement.
For example, suppose a manager finds a couple of his staff members resting.
If he believes these staff members are basically lazy, the idleness conveys to him that they are "goofing off" and should be given additional assignments.
If he believes these staff members are self-motivated and good workers, the idleness conveys to him that they are taking a well-deserved "break."
If he is personally insecure, the idleness conveys to him that they are threatening his authority.
Time can be an indicator of status. How long will you give the staff member who wishes to speak to you ? How long will you make him wait to see you ? Do you maintain a schedule? Is your schedule such that your subordinates must arrange their schedules to suit yours ? In a healthy organization, the manager and his subordinates use time to communicate their mutual respect to each other.
Closing Thoughts
Regardless of your position in the organization it is important for you to develop some sensitivity to nonverbal messages. Cooperation improves as we recognize and respond appropriately to non-verbal cues. Of course you have been aware of non-verbal communications all of your life, but how much thought have you given them?
Nonverbal communication (NVC) is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture; body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture; symbols and infographics. Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons.
However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, the physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviors of communicators during interaction.
Nonverbal communication—such as facial expressions, gestures, posture, and tone of voice—is an important component of personal business interactions. Nonverbal communication can help a small business owner to get a message across, or to successfully interpret a message received from another person. On the other hand, nonverbal communication can also send signals that interfere with the effective presentation or reception of messages. "Sometimes non-verbal messages contradict the verbal; often they express true feelings more accurately than the spoken or written language," Herta A. Murphy and Herbert W. Hildebrandt noted in their book Effective Business Communications. In fact, studies have shown that between 60 and 90 percent of a message's effect may come from nonverbal clues. Therefore, it is important for small business owners and managers to be aware of the nonverbal messages they send and to develop the skill of reading the nonverbal messages contained in the behavior of others. There are three main elements of nonverbal communication: appearance, body language, and sounds.
APPEARANCE. In oral forms of communication, the appearance of both the speaker and the surroundings are vital to the successful conveyance of a message. "Whether you are speaking to one person face to face or to a group in a meeting, personal appearance and the appearance of the surroundings convey nonverbal stimuli that affect attitudes—even emotions—toward the spoken words," according to Murphy and Hildebrandt. For example, a speaker's clothing, hairstyle, use of cosmetics, neatness, and stature may cause a listener to form impressions about her occupation, socioeconomic level, competence, etc. Similarly, such details of the surroundings as room size, furnishings, decorations, lighting, and windows can affect a listener's attitudes toward the speaker and the message being presented. The importance of nonverbal clues in surroundings can be seen in the desire of business managers to have a corner office with a view rather than a cubicle in a crowded work area.
BODY LANGUAGE. Body language, and particularly facial expressions, can provide important information that may not be contained in the verbal portion of the communication. Facial expressions are especially helpful as they may show hidden emotions that contradict verbal statements. For example, an employee may deny having knowledge of a problem, but also have a fearful expression and glance around guiltily. Other forms of body language that may provide communication clues include posture and gestures. For example, a manager who puts his feet up on the desk may convey an impression of status and confidence, while an employee who leans forward to listen may convey interest. Gestures can add emphasis and improve understanding when used sparingly, but the continual use of gestures can distract listeners and convey nervousness.
SOUNDS. Finally, the tone, rate, and volume of a speaker's voice can convey different meanings, as can sounds like laughing, throat clearing, or humming. It is also important to note that perfume or other odors contribute to a listener's impressions, as does physical contact between the speaker and the listener. Silence, or the lack of sound, is a form of nonverbal communication as well. Silence can communicate a lack of understanding or even hard feelings in a face-to-face discussion.

Mass communication is the term used to describe the academic study of various means by which individuals and entities relay information to large segments of the population all at once through mass media. It is usually understood to relate to newspaper and magazine publishing, radio, television, and film, as they are used both for disseminating news and for advertising.
Field of study
In the United States, many university journalism departments evolved into schools or colleges of mass communication or "journalism and mass communication," as reflected in the names of two major academic organizations. In addition to studying practical skills of journalism, public relations or advertising, students also may major in "mass communication" or "mass communication research." The latter is often the title given to doctoral studies in such schools, whether the focus of the student's research is journalism practice, history, law or media effects. Departmental structures within such colleges may separate research and instruction in professional or technical aspects of . Mass communication research includes media institutions and processes, such as diffusion of information, and media effects, such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion.
With the Internet's increased role in delivering news and information, mass communication studies -- and media organizations -- have increasingly focused on the convergence of publishing, broadcasting and digital communication.
The academic mass communication discipline historically differs from media studies and communication studies programs with roots in departments of theatre, film or speech, and with more interest in "qualitative," interpretive theory, critical or cultural approaches to communication study. In contrast, many mass communication programs historically lean toward empirical analysis and quantitative research -- from statistical content analysis of media messages to survey research, public opinion polling, and experimental research.
Interest in "New Media" and "Computer Mediated Communication" is growing much faster than educational institutions can assimilate it. So far, traditional classes and degree programs have not been able to accommodate new paradigm shifts in communication technologies. Although national standards for the study of interactive media have been in place in the U.K. since the mid-nineties, course work in these areas tends to vary significantly from university to university.
Graduates of Mass Communication programs work in a variety of fields in traditional news media and publishing, advertising, public relations and research institutes.
Such programs are accredited by the Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication is the major membership organization for academics in the field, offering regional and national conferences and refereed publications. The International Communication Association and National Communication Association (formerly the Speech Communication Association) include divisions and publications that overlap with those of AEJMC, but AEJMC historically has stronger ties to the mass communication professions in the United States.

NO MEANING OF EVIDENCE

If terrorist adopts the reel life for their mission then why not we? If they attack on our sovereignty, religion, democracy, heritage, peace, prosperity, humanity & naturality by giving it the name of ‘ JEHAD’ then why not we take quick decision i.e. ‘tit for tat’ & ‘faisla on spot’. Every person of nation have right of self defence & in case of terrorism counter attack is must for cleaning their kinder garden i.e. mostly in the boundary of Pakistan. For what is our government waiting? Nobody is able to understand . Every time they might be waiting for next terrorist attack & for more evidence. In case of Mumbai attacks the evidences were more than expected, then why do not we adopt or follow the Isralian or American style. Whether the citizens of Israel or America have more value than India. If not, then for what we are waiting? It is the time to take quick decisions rather than doing politics or conferencing on every issues.
India is the Country Lord Rama & Krishna who never waits to take decisions more than the limitations of sins. Then how we should forget them. They must be our idols in this respect. Our culture never believes in dying without any struggle then why don’t our government adopt this. Terrorist are ‘ SAITAN OF KABRA’ & this is our duty to remove them from the earth without any formality because they have crossed all the limits of humanity. Mumbai blast, Malegaon blast, Kashmir blasts are some of the great examples of the failure of our government & their policies.
Inspite of evidences our government also pays no attention to the clues given before any of the misconduct by the terrorist. Our government doesn’t thinks of the common man it only thinks & cares of himself. Besides thinking about the Nationality or future of country , our politicians creates their future. It is now the time for us to wake up & make our country free from all their terrorists. Little wait for new…………………Adoptation according to the time & situation for desired result is the rule of the Nature

VITAMINS, but no more!

Those days have passed out when vitamins were known for their efficiency. But now as days are passing on and new researches were made on vitamins in order to act as efficient element they are proving harmful to human body.
Vitamins are organic compounds which cannot be produced by the body and must be supplied in small amounts in the normal health, growth & maintenance of body. These essential to us for the proper functioning of the different organ. The absence or difficiency of a vitamin can cause specific diseases. Multiple deficiencies caused by lack of more than one vitamin are more common in human beings. This condition of vitamin deficiency is knows as AVITAMINOSES. The two big researches made by America on usage of tablets of vitamin C or E shows that it doesn’t lower the possibility of giving CANCER in Prostrate Gland. Likewise these vitamins are also not responsible for the cure of any other diseases. These two researches are published in the magazine of America Medical association, which says that usage of vitamins lowers the possibility of cancer. No information is gained while study made on 3600 peoples that possibility of cancer gets lies use of vitamin tablets. On first study Scientists of University of Texas & Cleveland Clinic Learner College of Medicine gave few types of vitamins to few peoples. Scientist made this study for regular 7 years but due to unwanted result they stopped the research. Second study was made on 15,000 doctors of Brigham & women hospital of Boston. But no affect is obtained regarding the possibility of prostrate cancer or any kind of cancer while research made on 8 years of the usage of vitamin E.

NEW TRENDS OF BEGGING BY CHILDRENS

Slump in marketing of begging invent new techniques for removing the problem but it is applied only on some specific days one of them is Saturday. On every Saturday children’s of age group 3-6 keep an iron strip in any pot with few mustard oil and in the name of Hindu God Shani comes out for begging. As per the views of few beggars the reason for opting this new trend is just only to cash out the peoples sympathy of religion. According to them no one use to give one rupee coin but this way of begging is proving more appealing & beneficial to them. As peoples in spite of giving one rupee give 5-10 rupee in the name of God Shani as they are afraid of this power. This new trend of begging could be seen every where in City of Navabs Lucknow on Saturday.

MICROPHONES

Microphones just convert a real sound wave into an electrical audio signal. In order to do so, they have a small, light material in them called the diaphragm. When the sound vibrations through the air reach the diaphragm, they cause the diaphragm to vibrate. This in turns will somehow cause an electrical current in the microphone to vary, whereupon it is sent out to a mixer, preamplifier or amplifier for use.
Microphones are typically classified according to how the diaphragms produce sound.

Dynamic Microphones
Dynamic microphones typically use moving-coil technology. This consists of a diaphragm of usually thin plastic being attached directly to a dense coil of wire. The coil has a magnet either surrounding it or at the centre. As the diaphragm vibrates, the coil vibrates, and its changing position relative to the magnet causes a varying current to flow through the coil. This current is your audio signal.
Dynamic microphones have hardy diaphragms, but are typically damaged when the suspension wires break, due to dropping or rough handling. These are the little things that hold the coil and diaphragm in a floating position relative to the magnets.

Dynamic microphones have to cause a whole coil of wires to move, a mountain when you're talking about little movements of air. This makes them not as sensitive as higher-grade microphones, especially to very soft sounds or high-pitched sounds, such as sibilants in speech or harmonics in music. They have a reputation of being very hardy, and some higher grade dynamic microphones can give a very clean and sensitive sound. Dynamic microphones are also known to give a 'fat' sound, which is flattering to those frequencies that the human ear can hear. They are usually not expected to reproduce the sounds they pick up very faithfully.

Because of their hardiness, they are usually used in live performances, where mic droppages and rough handling are the norm. As such the dynamic sound has also been identified as a 'live performance' sound that sounds cruder and more powerful at the expense of pin-sharp clarity. Performers such as Bono from U2 favour simple dynamic microphones over the more standard studio condensers for precisely that reason.

Condenser Microphones
The technology for condenser microphones has improved greatly in recent years, bringing costs down, increasing its hardiness, and making them even better. In condenser microphones, a static charge is impressed on the diaphragm or on a back-plate to the diaphragm. As the diaphragm vibrates, the distance from the back-plate to the diaphragm vibrates, altering the capacitance of the diaphragm and the back-plate. This fluctuating capacitance results in a fluctuating electric current. Voila! You have an audio signal!
Instead of moving a whole coil of wires, condenser microphones only have a thin diaphragm and solid back-plate making up a capacitor. Condenser microphones are therefore sometimes known as capacitor microphones. The quality difference of impressing a charge on the back plate or on the diaphragm is debateable, it is accepted that the smaller and lighter the diaphragm, the more accurate and pin-sharp the sound will be.
The developments in the clarity of condenser microphones has be partially spurred by the development of digital recording. As standards for recording improved, the quality of recording microphones had to improve to keep pace. However, just as digital recording has its detractors, the anal-ness and transparency of condenser microphones are also not universally popular. Most damning is the fact that condenser microphones tends to record sound as it really is. This means that vocalists must be really good, as any imperfections stand out clear as day.

Large-Diaphragm Condenser Mics
This has lead to the creation of large-diaphragm condenser microphones, which use the same basic technology, but have special larger high-quality diaphragms to produce a more flattering sound. Studios usually have an array of expensive large-diaphragm condenser microphones, as each microphone would reproduce the sound in its own special way. When the correct microphone is chosen for a vocalist, the results can be extremely flattering, making the singer much better than he or she really is.
The cost of a large-diaphragm microphone is usually attributed to the R&D cost of creating a microphone that records sound the way you want it, instead of the way it really sounds. Large-diaphragm mics can also maintain most of the high-frequency sensitivity of regular condenser microphones, making them sharp enough for digital recording to do the sound justice.

Phantom Power
Condenser microphones need a source of power to impress the charge on the capacitor. One of three methods is used. Either a battery will be inserted inside the microphone, a permanent charge is retained on the diaphragm or backplate thanks to some clever material scientist, or phantom power is used.
Phantom power is the supply of power through the ground cable of an XLR cable. Ranging from 9 volts to 52 volts, typically 48 volts, this power can be put into the cable either from a mixer, a phantom power box or a battery pack. A mixer might have a button that allows phantom power through the ground cable. A phantom power box is like an intermediate component between a mixer and a mic. It is a box (duh) connected to the mains that essentially just puts a charge on the ground cable. A battery pack does exactly the same thing, but works only with batteries instead of mains power.

Electret Microphones
Note: information in this section might not be very accurate.
Electret microphones are a variant of condenser microphones that mostly utilise a permanently charged diaphragm over a conductive metal back-plate. They somehow tend to be small, even minuscule, cheap and light. They are especially responsive to the range of sounds from the lower mids to the highest frequencies, i.e. they aren't very good for bass. Back-electret microphones use a charged back-plate instead of a charged diaphragm. These may or may not be phantom powered. Electret and back-electret microphones have special preference for voice communication, where clarity of speech is essential at the sacrifice of perfect sound reproduction.

Plaintalk Microphones
The microphones that are designed specially for use with Macintosh sound-in jacks are called Plaintalk Microphones. They have a special mini-phone jack that is slightly longer than the standard mini-phone jack, and has 4 contact points instead of 3. The last contact point at the tip is meant to carry phantom power up to the cable in order to power the back-electret microphone. The other three contact points are in the same arrangement and have the same purpose and standard stereo mini-phone jacks.
The phantom power provided by Macintoshes is only enough for the microphones that Apple provides or recommends, and is thus not as universal as true 48V phantom power. However, since standard mini phone jacks will not be long enough to reach the last contact point, they can be used with Macintosh sound-in jacks easily as long as they do not require phantom power.
Ribbon Microphones
Note: information in this section might not be very accurate.
These are very rare, and only used in the best recording studios. They are very sensitive to shock and large sound volumes, and tend to be damaged easily. They consist of a thin ribbon of a metallic foil suspended in front of a metal plate. Sound waves cause the foil to vibrate, causing fluctuations in the electrical current. Thus, an electrical audio signal is created.

Now that condenser microphones are sensitive enough for studio use, they have mostly replaced ribbon microphones as the mics of choice in professional situations. Ribbon microphones are still reserved for very specialised applications. Condenser microphones are also hardier than ribbon mics and cheaper to replace.

Carbon Granule Microphones
These are the microphones found in many older telephones. They consist of a heavy diaphragm placed within a 'bath' of minuscule carbon granules, sealed to prevent the granules from falling out. As with graphite cables, the carbon is there to conduct electricity. The vibration of the diaphragm alters the resistance of current passing through the microphone, creating an audio signal. Note that this type of microphone requires an electrical current to pass through its circuitry, while dynamic microphones create their own current. Condenser microphones sometimes have batteries within them, so they might be considered as being able to create their own current.
These microphones are more responsive to middle frequencies and do not reproduce sibilants clearly. However, telephone speakers in the handsets are usually equally dreadful, so there isn't much point in having a super microphone. They are cheap, hardy and in common use.

Pickup Patterns
Microphones are made with certain applications in mind. For example, stage use, studio use or field recording use. Microphones are not always expected to pick up sound universally and from all directions. The way that a microphone picks up sound from various directions is known as its pickup pattern. There are a few standard pickup patterns: Omnidirectional, Unidirectional, Bidirectional and Cardioid. Pickup patterns are usually depicted as polar diagrams, a circular graph of sensitivity of a microphone from various directions

Omnidirectional
Literally, from all directions. Omnidirectional microphones pick up sound well from all directions, and are frequently used for recording ambient and background sound. Omnidirectional microphones are also used for vocals, because of their lack of proximity effect. They could be used for recording of a group of vocalists, although the preferred method would to split the group into individual singers and each one having their own microphone.

Unidirectional
Literally, from one direction. Although cardioid microphones could arguably be unidirectional, the term 'unidirectional' is now usually reserved for 'gun' microphones. These microphones are long and rod shaped. Grooves on the side of the microphone allow sound coming from the sides to either pass through without reaching the pickup or cancel each other out. As a result, only a thin, cone-shaped area in front of the microphone is picked up satisfactorily. Gun microphones are good for recording individual voices in noisy locations, such as interviews, as well as picking up sound from a long distance.

Bidirectional
Literally...well, guess what it means. Correct! It picks up sound from two opposite directions! Also known as the figure-8 pickup, as the pickup pattern resembles a figure-8 when viewed from above. It used to be popular in the old days when two people would stand around a microphone and sing a duet, but now it is usually preferred to mic each person up separately.

Cardioid
Cardioid microphones have a heart-shaped pickup pattern. Probably the most common microphones in use today, They reject sound coming from the back of a microphone and are progressively more sensitive to sounds as the direction approaches the front of the microphone. They are favoured for stage use as they do not pick up the sound from on stage speakers or monitors so readily, thus preventing feedback. There are versions of the Cardioid pattern called Supercardioid and Hypercardioid, which represent increasingly limited ranges of pickup. As the pattern narrows, feedback rejection improves even more, but due to limitations of construction, a narrowing of the pattern does add a little sensitivity directly behind the microphone. The narrowing does cause the sound recorded to be more pinched and less flattering, but in a stage situation with many speakers placed in unsuitable places, a hypercardioid microphone can be a highly effective feedback prevention measure.

Proximity Effect
Cardioid microphones have a funny phenomenon called the Proximity Effect. This describes the increase in bass as the microphone moves nearer the sound source. Similarly, the further a cardioid microphone is from a source of sound, the more pinched it will sound. Experienced vocalists and producers have used this phenomenon to great effect, especially in simulating a punchy, 'live' effect by almost eating the microphone while singing. The proximity effect can also cause problems, especially when dealing with inexperienced speakers, as the tonal qualities of his or her voice will change as he or she moves his head.

Speciality Mics
A number microphones are considered unique not because of the technology involved, but more importantly, they are designed for certain unique purposes. Even so, considerable success has been reported in utilising these mics in situations they were not designed for.

Wireless Mics
Very visible in Karaoke bars and stage performances, wireless mics can be both convenient (no cables) and a pain in the ass (batteries needed, interference from outside sources). These mics are essentially the same as ordinary microphones with a transmitter. The transmitter can be in the body of a handheld mic (which accounts for the larger size of a wireless) or in a separate belt-worn pack (for lavaliers and instrument pickups (popular for electric guitarists). Wireless microphones typically transmit on only one unique frequency per mic. A 'true diversity' wireless system will have two antennae on the receiver end (which, incidentally, usually puts out a line-level signal for the mixer instead of a mic signal). When the signal strength between the two antennae varies, the receiver will opt to receive the signal from the stronger antennae. This switching can be very rapid and is usually unnoticeable. True diversity wireless systems are usually far less sensitive to radio interference and blockage than single-antennae systems.

Lavalier Mics
The familiar 'interviewer's collar pin', which consists of a small, usually electret microphone worn at the chest, clipped to clothing. This can either be corded or wireless, though the latter is usually preferred. The wireless version runs into a transmitter, usually worn on the belt. Lavalier mics can be powered by batteries or phantom power, depending on the make of the mic. They have also been good for miking up wind instruments, clipped to the edge of the 'bell'.

Folk Media and Rural Development

The power of media has never been in question. It can influence the key policy makers by swaying the public opinion on various national and international issues. It also has the ability to play a significant role in spreading awareness about various developmental issues. In a country like India, where a host of developmental issues need to be addressed, media can highlight the problems and the challenges faced by the people working at the grass root level. However, do the media really make any significant contribution towards these issues? Does it use this power to influence people in a manner which would lead to social welfare? What is media's contribution towards the uplift of poor and rural people?

The Indian society is a complex social system with different caste classes’ creeds and tribes. The high rate of illiteracy added to the inadequacies of mass media to reach almost 80% of people who resides in village. In spite of the national literacy missions and campaigns, over 350 millions remain illiterate; suspect anything in terms of modernity. Mass media prove too glamorous impersonal and unbelievable in context with the villagers’ could not only see and here but also even touch. The proposed study is an attempt to ensure the use of Traditional media to reach the common people in the process of change and development of the country. Rural development means as overall development of rural areas social, economic, political and cultural - so that the people are to lead a pleasant life. Agriculture plays the most important and decisive role in rural development. Infect, nobody can deny this fact that most of the population in India is still living in villages and their livelihood is depending on agriculture. Therefore, we rightly say that India is an agricultural country. Any development, which does not touch the vast masses, cannot be justified. The goals of rural economic growth in the narrow sense but as balanced social and economic development, with emphasis on the equitable distribution as well as creation of benefits. Therefore, the development strategy should be such through which the development of the rural population and rural areas is directed towards a total development of the people and their environment through concerted action. The contribution in development process is well accepted though its precise nature, extent an mechanism still largely elude proper understanding. The importance of communication in mobilizing people and seeking their willing participation in the development of a country is well recognized. In India, this concern above reaching people, communicating with them and equipping them with new skills has been emphasized over and again in successive five year plans which provide the blue print of the country’s planned development. No one would question the fact that India has made substantial progress since independence. The development and communication infrastructure has been enormously expended. The resultant communication and development processes have been strengthening and supporting each other taking the country forward. At the same time it is also a fact on which not many people would disagree, that both development and communication scholars to study this question in detail and depth and suggest approaches and methods for more equitable and participatory communication and development. Structural Change in Folk Performing Art: The first significant international recognition of the traditional media in the communication and the development strategies of developing countries came in 1972 when the International Planned Parenthood Federation and UNESCO organized in London a series of meetings on the integrated use of the folk and the mass media in family planning communication programmers. The interest generated by these meetings and the continued effort to highlight the fork media as effective forms to convey developmental messages resulted in a number of seminars and workshops around the world. The development of rural India is certainly associated with the dialogue or communication that we are providing them. Tradition plays and important role in a creative artistic process particularly in the field of folk performing arts. Folk art is a functional and spontaneous. Every village has its relevant music, dance or theatre. The folk performing art is changing its structure continuously over centuries modifying itself to the needs of the changing situation making it functionally relevant to the society. Tradition is the process of the transmission of age - values and the contextual manifestation and interpretation of the universal. As Guru Dev Rabinder Nath Tagore, in his famous “Swadeshi Samaj” speech in july’1904 advocated “all traditional structure of art must have sufficient degree of elasticity to allow it to respond to varied impulses of life, delicate or virile, to grow with its growth, to the traditional performing art is an aesthetic object, the concept of belongingness and affinity in cultural context. The folk art forms satisfy our innate need for self expression, for moral instruction combined with entertainment, and for the dramatic and the lyrical. The traditional forms preserving and disseminate in lively manners, the tradition and culture of our forefathers. The Indian society is a complex social system with different caste classes’ creeds and tribes. The high rate of illiteracy added to the inadequacies of mass media to reach almost 80% of people who resides in village. Inspite of the national literacy missions and campaigns, over 350 millions remain illiterate; suspect anything in terms of modernity. To them mass media prove too glamorous impersonal and unbelievable in context with the villagers’ could not only see and here but even touch. Traditional media can be used to reach these people in the process of change and development of the country.


Traditional folk forms potential as rural media

Traditional folk forms in India can be effectively utilized for social developmental communication. The communication potential of India traditional performing art has been proved time and again by many instances of national importance. In fact, as Badal Sirckar, the noted Bengali play writer admits rather candidly, He borrows elements from the folk dreams as a matter of “expediency”. Realizing the importance and powerfulness of this medium, the first five-year plan projected that people in the rural areas should be approached through traditional forms in addition to electronic media for publicity purpose. In later years, the UNESCO picked it up. The traditional forms of communication constitute a potential source for conveying messages for economic and social development. Communities and individuals have utilized a vide range of media local fares, puppet shows, street theatre folk songs and ballads for social purposes and as a support to local development schemes for health and family welfare campaigns, for creating political awareness. The traditional media are close to the hearts and minds of the people, so there appeal is a personal, intimate level, Further familiar format and content, as also the colloquial dialects used. Make the clarity in communication cross-cultural communication hurdles are not encountered here. The numerous groups and different forms available for specific homogenous groups and for specific purposes can be exploited to cater to people of different region. Rapport is immediate and directs the barriers to communication non-existent.
“AHLA”, the popular ballad of Uttar Pradesh and its counter parts like “LAAVANI” of Maharashtra, “GEE-GEE” of Karnataka, “VILLUPAATTU” of Tamil Nadu and “KAVIGAN” of Bengal which changed their content and focus depending on the contemporary needs and were effective in arousing the conscience of the people against the colonial rule of the British. The traditional media became effective in many political and social campaigns launched by Mahatma Gandhi. Like wise, the eminent Tamil poet “Subramanya Bharti” started using folk music to invoke patriotic feelings. Folk tunes were used to popularize songs on glories of spinning wheels need to boycott British goods. After the independence the union government continued to utilize these traditional performing arts to convey the message and to generate awareness of development in the rural areas. In 1940’s, IPTA (Indian People Theatre Association), successfully handled some of the popular regional theatre forms like “Jaatra” of Bengal, “Bhavai” of Gujrat, “Tamasha” of Maharashtra and “Burkatha” of Andhra Pradesh to increase social awareness and political education. Mukunde Das and Utpal Dutt used the medium of Jaatra for inculcating the spirit of patriotism and political awareness among the masses of Bengal. Shahir Sable, P.L. Deshpande, Habib Tanveer, Balwant Gargi, Gurusaran Singh, Rattan Thiyam used it as technique of generating national identity and social awareness among the Indian masses.

Careful Investigation of Folk Media

The Folk media in India seems to be used as supplement to the mass media rather than as the centre of communication efforts to reach 80% of India’s total population who live in the villages. In India, mass media continue to be limited largely to the urban population traditional arts forms have survived for centuries and they will survive in future for their flexibility. They could be the media for the social change in rural India. Traditional performing art being functional, Inter-personal and having a contextual base would be able to carry the message of change, development and growth. We have various folk forms in our country, which are very much alive today. We can see it in our cultural heritage. All these need careful investigation, study and documented after serious investigation; their characteristics have to be studied; creative people should be exposed to the structure of the form and the aesthetics of the content they carry; they should also know the techniques of creative communication. Noted folk media expert Shyam Parmar observes that “The communication needs in India are much greater than the resources we have to meet them today. While the mass media have been constantly expanding , the traditional media have been playing an important role in this field due to our peculiar needs. Apart from these live programs with face-to-face communication the traditional folk forms have been used in programs over the electronic media. India’s role in identifying folk media for communication purposes has been quite positive. The experience can certainly be of comparative use of both the developing and under developed countries if proper results if these efforts became available through scientific surveys”. Unlike in western theatre, folk performance is a composite art in India. It is a total art with fusion elements from music, dance, pantomime, versification, epic ballad recitation, religion and festival peasantry. It imbibes ceremonials, rituals, belief and social system. It has deep religious and ritualistic overtones and the again, it can surely project social life, secular themes and universal values. The outcome of various researchers has established the importance of rural media in development communication. Traditional uses of folk media were primarily for entertainment, social communication and persuasive communication. There have been sporadic efforts to involve folk media for conveying development messages through mass-media agencies. International commission for the study of communication problems, the commission, also popularly known Mac bride Commission, was established by UNESCO to study among issues as increasing importance attached to communication as a social phenomenon and the consequent interest shown in the development communication. One of the important recommendations of the commission regarding the traditional folk forms is: “Even when modern media have penetrated isolated areas, the older forms maintain their validity, particularly when used to influence attitudes, instigate action and promote change. Extensive experience shown that traditional forms of communication can be effective in dispelling the superstitions, archaic perceptions and unscientific that people have inherited as part of traditions and which are difficult to modify if the benefits of change are hard to demonstrate. Practitioners of the traditional media use a subtle form of persuasion by presenting the required message in locally popular artistic forms. This can not be rivalled by any other means of communication.” (Many voices-one world) It is true that if we want to penetrate the message of development among the rural masses we would have to opt the folk forms of this country in more planned manner. As veteran folk media scholar Balwant Garhgi rightly said “Folk media represents the people in their natural habitat, with all their contradictions and multifarious activities. It gives a glimpse of their style of speech, music, dance, dress and wisdom. It contains of reach store of mythological heroes, medieval romances, chivalric tales, social customs, beliefs, and legends. In order to understand the colourful diversity and unity of India, it’s important to see the folk theatre in its natural settings.

References

1. Singh, Ranjit (1993) “Communication Technology for Rural Development”
2. Kumar, Kewal.J(1994)., “Mass Communication - Critical analysis”
3. Parmar, Shyam(1994), “Traditional Folk Media in India”
4. Joseph, Joni(1997), “Mass Media & Rural Development”
5. Ed. Yadava, J.S. & Mathur, Pardeep(1988), “Issues in Mass Communication” vol-2
6. Mukhopadhyay, Durgadas(1978), “Forms of performing arts in India”
7. Gargi, Balwant(1991), “Folk Theatre of India” Communication 200 AA.D. (IIMC, New Delhi)

‘GONZO’ – JOURNALISM OF FACT AND FICTION

‘Gonzo’ the Journalism which have the ‘Voice of People’ in priority means public oriented journalism. It contains the news, views or thoughts of the society i.e. reader, listener or viewer which contains the voice of the persons belongs from the same society. Gonzo journalism is totally based on the participation or involvement of the people so that we can say it is Participation or Involvement of the people so that can say it is ‘Participatory Journalism’. Doubtless or healthy thoughts and news flow through ‘Gonzo Journalism’
Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism which is written subjectively, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first person narrative. The style tends to blend factual and fictional elements to emphasize an underlying message and engage the reader. The word Gonzo was first used in 1970 to describe an article by Hunter S. Thompson, who later popularized the style. The term has since been applied to other subjective artistic endeavors. Gonzo journalism tends to favor style over accuracy and often uses personal experiences and emotions to provide context for the topic or event being covered. It disregards the 'polished' edited product favored by newspaper media and strives for the gritty factor. Use of quotations, sarcasm, humor, exaggeration, and even profanity is common. The use of Gonzo journalism portends that journalism can be truthful without striving for objectivity and is loosely equivalent to an editorial.
Origin of the term
The term "Gonzo" in connection to Hunter S. Thompson was first used by Boston Globe magazine editor Bill Cardoso in 1970 when he described Hunter S. Thompson's The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved, which was written for the June 1970 Scanlan's Monthly, as "pure Gonzo journalism". Cardoso claimed that "gonzo" was South Boston Irish slang describing the last man standing after an all night drinking marathon. Cardoso also claimed that it was a corruption of the French Canadian word "gonzeaux", which means "shining path", although this is disputed. In Italian, Gonzo is a common word for a gullible person, a "sucker". Another speculation is that the word may have been inspired by the 1960 hit song Gonzo by New Orleans R&B keyboardist James Booker. This last possibility seems to be supported by the 2007 oral biography of Hunter S. Thompson where it is stated that the term "Gonzo" is taken from a hit song by James Booker. Yet this conclusion still says little of why Hunter Thompson or Bill Cardoso would use that word and not another. According to a Greg Johnson biographical note on James Booker, the song title "Gonzo" comes from a 1960's character in a movie called The Pusher. The movie on the other hand seems to have been inspired by a 1956 Evan Hunter's novel by the same title, so it remains a mystery who first used this word in American slang, and why. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream followed the Mint 400 piece in 1971 and included a main character by the name of Raoul Duke, accompanied by his attorney, Dr. Gonzo. Although this book is considered to be a prime example of gonzo journalism, Thompson said that it was a failed experiment. He had intended it to be an unedited record of everything he did as it happened, but he edited the book five times before it was eventually published. Thompson would instigate events himself, often in a prankish or belligerent manner, and then document both his actions and those of others. Notoriously neglectful of deadlines, Thompson often greatly annoyed his editors because he often faxed articles late, too late to be edited but just in time to make the printers. It is speculated that Thompson's work going to print unedited due to a late delivery was completely intentional. Thompson wanted his work to be read as he wrote it, in its "true gonzo" form. "I don't get any satisfaction out of the old traditional journalist's view— 'I just covered the story. I just gave it a balanced view,'" Thompson said in an interview for the online edition of The Atlantic. "Objective journalism is one of the main reasons American politics has been allowed to be so corrupt for so long. You can't be objective about Nixon." Historian Douglas Brinkley said gonzo journalism requires virtually no rewriting and frequently uses transcribed interviews and verbatim telephone conversations. Gonzo journalism can be seen as an offshoot of the New Journalism movement in the sixties, led primarily by Tom Wolfe, and also championed by Lester Bangs and George Plimpton. It has largely been subsumed into Creative nonfiction. The work of Greg Palast, however, is considered by many to be a revival of Gonzo journalism. Gonzo also occurs when an author cannot remove himself from the subject he investigates. In some cases -- such as tornado chasing, wherein most documenting is done by the person driving the car and holding the camera -- the gonzo element is inherent. In most other cases, however, it is a deliberate and voluntary choice of the journalist, or the media firm for which he or she works. Thompson felt that objectivity in journalism was a myth. The term has now become a bona-fide style of writing that concerns itself with 'telling it like it is', not far from the New Journalism practiced by Tom Wolfe, Terry Southern and John Birmingham. The Gonzo Fist, a two-thumbed symbol attributed to Thompson originally used as the slogan for his 1970 campaign for sheriff of Aspen, contains within the image a peyote button, the bud of a cactus plant that has hallucinogenic properties when ingested. The fist is combined with the word "Gonzo", so styled as to form the hilt of a sword. In other contexts, gonzo has come to mean "with reckless abandon," or, more broadly, "extreme". Gonzo porn refers to pornographic films which are filmed by a participant, and as such have eliminated fictional plot and scripted dialogue and focus on the fornication.
Gonzo Journalism Vs Society
Greater the exposure given to villagers problems by Gonzo journalism more and more chance of familiarity in the society. Gonzo journalism accelerates or increases the power of expression i.e. the fundamental right of the entire citizen. It also increases the process of democratization. In reality the democracy shall be meaningful only when it is strengthened at the grassroots level. For this purpose Gonzo journalism play very vital role. Gonzo journalism must awaken people so that the rural community could be made willing to accept the change and became flexible to adopt new measures in resolving their socio-economic problems. Gonzo journalism may also play an effective role in influencing the political elite, bureaucracy and other decision making agencies in order to implement and decide policies with budgetary support in larger interest of rural community.
Future of Gonzo Journalism
Gonzo journalism established a milestone in respect to social welfare by using the voice of the persons belongs from society. Participation of society members in the activities of gonzo journalism is like oxygen for life. Due to its participatory nature it is obvious that the gonzo journalism have had a very considerable effect on journalism everywhere.
References
1. Hirst, Martin(2004), What Is Gonzo? The Etymology of an Urban Legend, University of Queensland.
2. Jain C.M., Cangan T., Bhanawat S.(1995); Media & Rural Development; Universal Book House Pvt. Ltd. Jaipur.
Thompson, Hunter S. (1997). The Proud Highway: Saga of a Desperate Southern Gentleman. Villard.
Gandhi, Ved Prakash; Media & Communication Today (Volume 1st ); Kanishka Publishers & Distributers New Delhi.
www.google.co.in

Communication

Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal communication can be described as the process of sending and receiving information between two or more people. It can be done talking face to face with another person or via telephone, email, letters or meetings.
It involves a speaker who sends a message to a listener. They receive the message, develop and send a response and so it continues. The content of a message during interpersonal communication is important, however other aspects to fully understand the message are important such as body language, facial expressions and tone of voice. The content of the discussions must match the non verbal cues to make communication effective.
Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication.
Direct channels are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication. Verbal communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc.).
Indirect channels are those channels that are usually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender. This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as "gut feeling", "hunches" or "premonitions".
Channels means mode of communicating the messages.
Participants is the communicators who are both senders and receivers.
Context refers to the interrelated conditions of communication. It consists of everything that is not in the message, but on which the message relies in order to have its intended meaning. Ultimately, context includes the entire world, but usually refers to such salient factors as the following:
Physical milieuSituational milieu, for example: classroom, battlefield, supermarketCultural and linguistic background of each participant, how similar? how different?Emotional state and developmental stage of each participantSocial role enacted by each participant, for example: boss, employee, teacher, student, parent, child, spouse, friend, enemy, partner, competitor
Interpersonal communication
Another facet of communication in the organization is the process of face-to-face, interpersonal communication, between individuals. Such communication may take several forms. Messages may be verbal (that is, expressed in words), or they may not involve words at all but consist of gestures, facial expressions, and certain postures ("body language"). Nonverbal messages may even stem from silence.
Ideally, the meanings sent are the meanings received. This is most often the case when the messages concern something that can be verified objectively. For example, "This piece of pipe fits the threads on the coupling." In this case, the receiver of the message can check the sender's words by actual trial, if necessary. However, when the sender's words describe a feeling or an opinion about something that cannot be checked objectively, meanings can be very unclear. "This work is too hard" or "Watergate was politically justified" are examples of opinions or feelings that cannot be verified. Thus they are subject to interpretation and hence to distorted meanings. The receiver's background of experience and learning may differ enough from that of the sender to cause significantly different perceptions and evaluations of the topic under discussion. As we shall see later, such differences form a basic barrier to communication.
Nonverbal content always accompanies the verbal content of messages. This is reasonably clear in the case of face-to-face communication. As Virginia Satir has pointed out, people cannot help but communicate symbolically (for example, through their clothing or possessions) or through some form of body language. In messages that are conveyed by the telephone, a messenger, or a letter, the situation or context in which the message is sent becomes part of its non-verbal content. For example, if the company has been losing money, and in a letter to the production division, the front office orders a reorganization of the shipping and receiving departments, this could be construed to mean that some people were going to lose their jobs — unless it were made explicitly clear that this would not occur.
A number of variables influence the effectiveness of communication. Some are found in the environment in which communication takes place, some in the personalities of the sender and the receiver, and some in the relationship that exists between sender and receiver. There are different variables and suggests some of the difficulties of communicating with understanding from one person to another. The sender wants to formulate an idea and communicate it to the receiver. This desire to communicate may arise from his thoughts or feelings or it may have been triggered by something in the environment. The communication may also be influenced or distorted by the relationship between the sender and the receiver, such as status differences, a staff-line relationship, or a learner-teacher relationship.
Whatever its origin, information travels through a series of filters, both in the sender and in the receiver, before the idea can be transmitted and re-created in the receiver's mind. Physical capacities to see, hear, smell, taste, and touch vary between people, so that the image of reality may be distorted even before the mind goes to work. In addition to physical or sense filters, cognitive filters, or the way in which an individual's mind interprets the world around him, will influence his assumptions and feelings. These filters will determine what the sender of a message says, how he says it, and with what purpose. Filters are present also in the receiver, creating a double complexity that once led Robert Louis Stevenson to say that human communication is "doubly relative". It takes one person to say something and another to decide what he said.
Physical and cognitive, including semantic filters (which decide the meaning of words) combine to form a part of our memory system that helps us respond to reality. In this sense, March and Simon compare a person to a data processing system. Behavior results from an interaction between a person's internal state and environmental stimuli. What we have learned through past experience becomes an inventory, or data bank, consisting of values or goals, sets of expectations and preconceptions about the consequences of acting one way or another, and a variety of possible ways of responding to the situation. This memory system determines what things we will notice and respond to in the environment. At the same time, stimuli in the environment help to determine what parts of the memory system will be activated. Hence, the memory and the environment form an interactive system that causes our behavior. As this interactive system responds to new experiences, new learnings occur which feed back into memory and gradually change its content. This process is how people adapt to a changing world.
Differences in Background
Communication between persons brings individual personalities and individual views of the environment into contact. People can agree on many things if they are products of the same experiences. But the fact that they have had different experiences may lead to disagreement. Extremely different backgrounds can cause serious communication problems. In other words, if you and I are trying to communicate with each other but do not see the same world, we are simply not talking about the same things. There are several possible consequences:
Can assume that I know what I am, talking about and you don't. This can cause inattention and create an emotional impression in such basic reactions as: "You are wrong, I am right," and even "You are evil, I am good." The struggle over differences may thus intensify.
I can assume that since I am right, my objective must be to get you to agree with my point of view. At first, this may lead me into trying to be logical. I assume that you will be convinced once the facts are set straight. If I fail in this, I may resort to strategies of winning at any cost. I will dominate the discussion, talk instead of listening, and generally demean your ideas. All of these things would tend to heighten emotions and increase frustration, leading to an impasse in which we both would lose.
I will interpret what you say according to my understanding of the situation. In many cases, this would be about as appropriate as trying to find a city in Russia using a map of France. Carl Rogers has described this "tendency to judge, to evaluate, to approve (or disapprove) the statement of the other person" from the listener's point of view as the major barrier to interpersonal communication. Rogers' remedy to this problem is what he calls "listening with understanding" — that is, trying to understand through a deliberate effort to see the other person's point of view, to see the world as he sees and experiences it. In other words, we must abandon the "I-know-what-I'm-talking-about-you-don't" attitude and, instead, open our minds and our ears to the other person's viewpoint. This means that we must admit to ourselves that there may be ideas that, though they are different from ours, are just as valid and just as worthy as our own. We may, in fact, learn something if we listen. This attitude is clearly difficult to achieve, since few people like to admit they may be wrong. But opening our minds to others' opinions is the only way we can gain the advantage of perceiving another side of the problem.
Really listening (and not just "hearing") has another important advantage. If I listen attentively to another person, I am expressing to him a form of respect, and in a very substantial way contributing to his feeling of self-worth. This strengthens his ego and at the same time evokes in him a feeling of respect for me. These mutually supportive feelings help to chase out antagonisms, fears, and defensive tactics. A supportive attitude can lead the way to cooperative problem solving, in which both of us emerge winners.


Levels of Communication
Differences in perception are not the only sources of misunderstanding and difficulty in interpersonal communication. Communication is also complicated by the fact that it takes place at different levels simultaneously. As we send verbal messages by word and voice, we also send nonverbal messages by our gestures, expressions, posture, status, and even by the way we dress and comb our hair. We cannot avoid these silent comments on what our words are meant to say. Sometimes we may deliberately twist or distort messages to achieve our purposes, and sometimes we send distorted messages without being aware that they are distorted. Occasionally, we may be able to transmit what we mean so that it means the same thing to the person on the receiving end.
One way to think about the different levels from which messages emerge is the Johari Window. Imagine that the human personality could be divided into four parts according to the level or degree to which each part is "open" and "known" to both the sender and the receiver of a communication. This structure could then be represented in matrix form. Each of the areas in the figure can now be defined. The "Open" area contains motivations and behavior whose meanings are shared by the individual and others with whom he is in contact. The individual's feelings and his understanding of these feelings and what he communicates (verbally and nonverbally) are consistent, and they are received and understood by others in the same sense as they are understood and sent by the sender. There is no cover-up and no confusion between his words and his gestures, his expression, and how others interpret his meaning. This is free, honest, and relevant behavior, unburdened by cynicism, distrust, naivete, or any other hidden attitude or feeling. The meanings experienced and sent are the same as those that are experienced and received.
The "Hidden" area includes concealed motivations that are known to the sending individual but unknown to others. In this category are all the "little white lies" in which we indulge, including the bigger deceptions we sometimes use in communicating with others. One illustration is the use of ingratiating behavior for our own gain, aimed at a manager whom we do not like or with whom we privately disagree. Or suppose a friend goes by and calls out, "Hello, how are you!" It is a social convention in our culture that such greetings are not to be taken at face value. They are most often merely a form of recognition. But we cannot always be sure. Is our friend merely using her greeting as a form of recognition, a signal of acknowledgment, an automatic pleasantry to which we automatically respond, "Fine! How are you?" Or is she genuinely concerned with the state of our health and should we tell her that we feel lousy and just lost money in the stock market? In this case, the greeting may be influenced by some hidden agenda or concealed motive that is not clear to us. And to that extent, our communication is not on the same wavelength.
The "Blind" area includes motivations and behavior that are known to others but to which the individual is blind. This is sometimes indelicately called the "bad breath area." We have all known people who have feelings that they do not verbalize, but that manifest themselves in little mannerisms, nervous tics, habitual gestures, grimaces, and the like, which actually change the implications of things they say to us. As an example, think of the person who says, "I'm not scared!" while his face whitens and tightens with visible nervous tension.
Consider the spectacle of high government officials arriving at the White House to discuss the nation's energy crisis in their big limousines on a wintry day, keeping the motors running and the heaters on during the meeting, and later driving off as news cameras clicked and passersby stared. These public servants seemed blissfully unaware of the inconsistency between what they were saying and how they were behaving. In other words, their "blind" side was showing in a way that would have been comical if it had not been so serious.
The "Unknown Potential" area is unknown to both the individual and to others. It is the area that Freud describes as the "unconscious." This area probably contains aspects of ourselves that, if available to us, could increase our general effectiveness as persons. By definition, however, this area is available only through a process of self-discovery, sometimes requiring deep and prolonged psychoanalysis. For our purposes here, we need say only that this unconscious part of our personality influences in unknown ways our communications with other people, as well as affecting our internal communication with ourselves.
To increase our effectiveness in interpersonal communication, it would appear helpful to enlarge the "Open" area of our personality, while at the same time reducing the "Hidden" and "Blind" areas. This may be accomplished through the two interdependent processes of exposure and feedback. If we trust others in a relationship, we may be more willing to reveal some of the motives that we would otherwise keep hidden out of fear of consequences, should our motives become known. At the same time, by giving us information about those nonverbal messages that originate in the "Blind" area, others can help us become aware of the effect that such messages have on the meanings we are trying to convey. This feedback, however, must be in a form that helps to create a supportive, nonthreatening psychological climate. Lacking this emotional support, we would probably continue to be defensive.
Sometimes we complicate the clarity and reliability of verbal messages by either unknowingly or perhaps purposely expressing something that is inconsistent with what we think or feel. Such behavior is not always dysfunctional. For example, we may occasionally feel the need to defend our self-esteem against threats, for example, a seemingly (to us) unfair reprimand by a teacher or a friend that might reduce our personal effectiveness in a particular situation. In addition, there are social conventions that require that we mask our true feelings to avoid hurting someone unnecessarily. These social conventions often help us to maintain stability in relationships with other people.
On the other hand, hidden agendas and blind spots can be dysfunctional if they hide information that could improve rather than hinder our ability to solve the problems we share with others. If someone appears to feel one way about something when in fact he does not, and we base our plan for dealing with him on a mistaken impression, we may miss an opportunity to solve a mutual difficulty. Or, if we are unknowingly doing something that garbles our messages but, if brought to our attention, could be corrected, we would increase our potential for effective communication and for effective action.
Research Methodologies
The Oxford learner’s Dictionary defines research as a "careful study or investigation, especially in order to discover new facts or information." Examples would include scientific, clinic and historical researches. It can be also defined research as "the systematic and objective search for and analysis of data with a new to generating information necessary for the solution of problems.
These definitions highlight the fact that it is not engaged in research for the fun of it. Research can be done because it's important to discover new facts, correct misconceptions, extend the definition also points out the fact that it is needed to be orderly, systematic and scientific in carrying out the research otherwise the finding will be of no value. Methodology refers to the ways and means of doing something. Research will be conducted for effective result. torically, organizational communication was driven primarily by quantitative research methodologies. Included in functional organizational communication research are statistical analyses (such as surveys, text indexing, network mapping and behavior modeling). In the early 1980s, the interpretive revolution took place in organizational communication. In Putnam and Pacanowsky's 1983 text Communication and Organizations: An Interpretive Approach. they argued for opening up methodological space for qualitative approaches such as narrative analyses, participant-observation, interviewing, rhetoric and textual approaches readings) and philosophic inquiries.
During the 1980s and 1990s critical organizational scholarship began to gain prominence with a focus on issues of gender, race, class, and power/knowledge. In its current state, the study of organizational communication is open methodologically, with research from post-positive, interpretive, critical, postmodern, and discursive paradigms being published regularly.
Organizational communication scholarship appears in a number of communication journals including but not limited to Management Communication Quarterly, Journal of Applied Communication Research, Communication Monographs, Academy of Management Journal, Communication Studies, and Southern Communication Journal


Four Principles of Interpersonal Communication
These principles underlie the workings in real life of interpersonal communication. They are basic to communication. We can't ignore them
· Interpersonal communication is inescapable
We can't not communicate. The very attempt not to communicate communicates something. Through not only words, but through tone of voice and through gesture, posture, facial expression, etc., we constantly communicate to those around us. Through these channels, we constantly receive communication from others. Even when you sleep, you communicate. Remember a basic principle of communication in general: people are not mind readers. Another way to put this is: people judge you by your behavior, not your intent.
· Interpersonal communication is irreversible
You can't really take back something once it has been said. The effect must inevitably remain. Despite the instructions from a judge to a jury to "disregard that last statement the witness made," the lawyer knows that it can't help but make an impression on the jury. A Russian proverb says, "Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again."
· Interpersonal communication is complicated
No form of communication is simple. Because of the number of variables involved, even simple requests are extremely complex. Theorists note that whenever we communicate there are really at least six "people" involved:
1) who you think you are;
2) who you think the other person is;
3) who you think the other person thinks you are;
4) who the other person thinks /she is;
5) who the other person thinks you are; and
6) who the other person thinks you think s/he is.
We don't actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas. This also complicates communication. Words (symbols) do not have inherent meaning; we simply use them in certain ways, and no two people use the same word exactly alike.
Osmo Wiio gives us some communication maxims similar to Murphy's law (Osmo Wiio, Wiio's Laws--and Some Others (Espoo, Finland: Welin-Goos, 1978):
If communication can fail, it will.
If a message can be understood in different ways, it will be understood in just that way which does the most harm.
There is always somebody who knows better than you what you meant by your message.
The more communication there is, the more difficult it is for communication to succeed.
These tongue-in-cheek maxims are not real principles; they simply humorously remind us of the difficulty of accurate communication.


· Interpersonal communication is contextual
In other words, communication does not happen in isolation. There is:
Psychological context which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values, personality, etc., all form the psychological context. ("You" here refers to both participants in the interaction.)
Relational context which concerns your reactions to the other person--the "mix."
Situational context deals with the psycho-social "where" you are communicating. An interaction that takes place in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place in a bar.
Environmental context deals with the physical "where" you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level, temperature, season, time of day, all are examples of factors in the environmental context.
Cultural context includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture (foreign or within your own country) where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact. If the other person comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact signals trustworthiness, then we have in the cultural context a basis for misunderstanding.

Verbal Communication
The basis of communication is the interaction between people. Verbal communication is one way for people to communicate face-to-face. Some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.
At birth, most people have vocal cords, which produce sounds. As a child grows it learns how to form these sounds into words. Some words may be imitative of natural sounds, but others may come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying. Words alone have no meaning. Only people can put meaning into words. As meaning is assigned to words, language develops, which leads to the development of speaking.
The actual origin of language is subject to considerable speculation. Some theorists believe it is an outgrowth of group activities such as working together or dancing. Others believe that language developed from basic sounds and gestures.
Over 3,000 languages and major dialects are spoken in the world today. The development of languages reflects class, gender, profession, age group, and other social factors. The huge variety of languages usually creates difficulties between different languages, but even within a single language there can be many problems in understanding.
Through speaking we try to eliminate this misunderstanding, but sometimes this is a very hard thing to do. Just as we assume that our messages are clearly received, so we assume that because something is important to us, it is important to others. As time has proven this is not at all true. Many problems can arise is speaking and the only way to solve these problems is through experience.
Speaking can be looked at in two major areas: interpersonal and public speaking. Since the majority of speaking is an interpersonal process, to communicate effectively we must not simply clean up our language, but learn to relate to people.
In interpersonal speaking, etiquette is very important. To be an effective communicator one must speak in a manner that is not offending to the receiver. Etiquette also plays an important role in an area that has developed in most all business settings: hierarchical communication. In business today, hierarchical communication is of utmost importance to all members involved.
The other major area of speaking is public speaking. From the origin of time, it has been obvious that some people are just better public speakers than others. Because of this, today a good speaker can earn a living by speaking to people in a public setting. Some of the major areas of public speaking are speaking to persuade, speaking to inform, and speaking to inspire or motivate

How to improve verbal communication
Verbal communication requires the use of words, vocabulary, numbers and symbols and is organized in sentences using language.
Mastering linguistic skill is not reserved for the selected few. It is a skill that each and every one should develop for personal growth and to improve relationships and interactions.
Everyone's brain is forever having thoughts and they are primarily with words. Words spoken, listened to or written affect your life as well as others. They have the power to create emotions and move people to take action. When verbal communication is delivered accurately and clearly, you activate the mind and encourage creativity.
You create your reality with your senses, the eyes, ears and feelings and words and symbols are used to create the meanings. This is why you are encouraged to read and watch informative materials, listen to motivational audio programs and attend classes or seminars that relate to your line of work or objectives. Positive and uplifting spoken or written messages motivate and inspire.
You can do the same to inspire others. Motivation comes from within each individual but you can become the source and when your are able to affect their thinking, you can help them improve their lives.
How to improve your verbal communication.
· Using positive words to challenge limiting beliefs.
Verbal communication includes phrasing your words clearly and positively. Your words and the explanations you give affect thoughts and determine emotions.
Verbal communication that includes questions helps you challenge beliefs. According to Michael Hall, a belief is a thought to which you have said "yes", and you have affirmed by saying, "I believe this". It takes questions worded specifically before you can fully agree.
Your customers, children or partners agreeing and saying "Yes" to your suggestions and opinions indicate that you were able to influence and change their beliefs and thoughts from your spoken or written persuasion.
· Telling or narrating a story.
One of the ways to let others understand your message is by telling a story, reading a quote or telling a joke. Verbal communication through stories carries power to induce the person to relate to what you are saying or suggesting. A joke usually helps people relax more and is opened to listen to you.
The way you deliver the story can affect the thinking, emotions and behavior of the listeners. He is able to imagine the experience and will reproduce a response. A story narrated with eloquent can give hope to people who are in dire need for encouragement.
· Asking the right questions.
Questioning yourself or others with precise words allow for answers. It make a difference if you were to ask a "why" or a "how" question. The former gives you a lot of reasons, understandings and explanations while the later set your brain thinking for a solution, useful information and a strategy.
By asking questions and wording them specifically, you will invite a positive debate and interaction that will benefit all involved. You become a better listener and entice others to do the same. Unnecessary arguments are reduced when you are able to express yourself with great command of your language skills.
· Think and prepare before you speak.
Whether you are going to speak in public, talk to your boss, spouse or children, you have to think before you utter those words. Verbal abuse happens when you express yourself without thinking and instead allow your emotions to take over.
You have to project your thoughts first in your mind or in writing before speaking them out. Doing this will enable you to prepare yourself with any objections that may arise. Thinking, preparing and imagining the most desirable outcome in your mind allow you to practice your presentation and getting them right.
· Reduce your usage of verbal pauses.
Have you ever listened to how you speak and render your conversations? If you haven't and are unaware, request for someone to do so. How many times did you stop your sentences and added an "ah", "um" or "well"? You can also record your verbal communication and listen back to your style of speaking.
Too many of these will irritate your listeners or is perceived as uneasiness or uncertainty in what you are saying. In order to reduce the unnecessary verbal cues, listen to yourself and become aware of it. Then when you realize it coming, condition yourself to just a silent pause.
· Avoid careless language.
Use your phrases with care. Talk and write in ways that allow for accurate description of your experience, thoughts or ideas. Don't expect people to assume and guess what you are trying to say.
Speak with specificity by avoiding words like always, never, every, or all. When you say to your spouse that he is always late when in fact he was late only twice, you are attracting an argument.
Quote
"Whenever we use language, namely with the words that we use, we always do or accomplish something. Our words, sentences, syntax, etc. always accomplish and achieve specific things". - L. Michael Hall